Kolkata records highest inhalable microplastic levels: IISER study
What's the story
A recent study by the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata, has found that inhalable microplastics (iMPs) are a significant component of urban air pollution. The study found that Kolkata has the highest average concentration of iMPs at 14.23ug/m3, closely followed by Delhi at 14.18ug/m3. Chennai and Mumbai also have significant levels of iMPs, measuring 4ug/m3 and 2.65ug/m3 respectively.
Health risks
Inhalable microplastics: A health hazard
The study estimates that an average Kolkata resident inhales about 2.9gm of microplastics over their lifetime, roughly the weight of a small plastic bottle. These particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, potentially reaching vital organs. They can carry harmful substances like pathogens and contaminants, acting as "Trojan Horses."
Pollution source
Microplastics: A new component of urban air pollution
The study, titled "The Dawn of a New Air Pollutant," measured iMPs at human breathing height in crowded markets of Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, and Chennai. Traditionally, PM10 and PM2.5 particles from dust and smoke have been the main contributors to air pollution. However, this study reveals that microplastics now make up to 5% of PM10 and 2.5% of PM2.5 in India's metropolitan markets.
Contaminants found
Microplastics: Carriers of harmful microbes and toxic additives
The study also found living microbes on these inhalable particles, some of which were pathogenic or antibiotic-resistant. Bacteria and fungi such as Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida were identified. Toxic plastic and cosmetic additives like diethylphthalate (DEP) were also detected in Delhi, Kolkata, and Mumbai's air samples. Long-term exposure to DEP could lead to hormonal imbalances and developmental disorders.
Toxic exposure
Lead contamination and health risks in Kolkata and Delhi
Kolkata and Delhi have the highest lead contamination levels, exceeding national safety limits. Chronic exposure to lead can damage the brain, kidneys, and nervous system. The study also highlights various health issues associated with pollutants generated when these polymers are burned. Common ailments include cancer, lung disorders, gastrointestinal issues, endocrine problems, and breast-related disorders.
Pollution solutions
Reducing plastic pollution: Recommendations from researchers
Lead researcher Gopala Krishna Darbha emphasized how plastic fibers shed from everyday items can easily become airborne. He said, "Once inhaled, these persistent pollutants can lead to a range of health problems." To reduce plastic pollution in the air, the researchers recommend reducing single-use plastics and promoting greener urban spaces. They also suggest supporting khadi clothes and vehicle-free market areas as possible solutions.